Post-curable pressure-sensitive adhesive

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is directed to a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive comprising: a) a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from the (meth)acrylate ester monomer; b) a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and c) an acid generating agent. The present disclosure is also directed to a method of manufacturing such pressure sensitive adhesives and uses thereof.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of EP Patent Application No.13198136.7 filed Dec. 18, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporatedby reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of adhesives, morespecifically to the field of pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA). Thepresent disclosure also relates to a method of manufacturing suchpressure sensitive adhesives and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND

Adhesives have been used for a variety of marking, holding, protecting,sealing and masking purposes. Adhesive tapes generally comprise abacking, or substrate, and an adhesive. One type of adhesive which isparticularly preferred for many applications is represented by pressuresensitive adhesives.

Pressure-sensitive tapes are virtually ubiquitous in the home andworkplace. In its simplest configuration, a pressure-sensitive tapecomprises an adhesive and a backing, and the overall construction istacky at the use temperature and adheres to a variety of substratesusing only moderate pressure to form the bond. In this fashion,pressure-sensitive tapes constitute a complete, self-contained bondingsystem.

Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are well known to one of ordinaryskill in the art, and according to the Pressure-Sensitive Tape Council,PSAs are known to possess properties including the following: (1)aggressive and permanent tack, (2) adherence with no more than fingerpressure, (3) sufficient ability to hold onto an adherend, and (4)sufficient cohesive strength to be removed cleanly from the adherend.Materials that have been found to function well as PSAs include polymersdesigned and formulated to exhibit the requisite viscoelastic propertiesresulting in a desired balance of tack, peel adhesion, and shear holdingpower. PSAs are characterized by being normally tacky at roomtemperature (e.g., 20° C.). PSAs do not embrace compositions merelybecause they are sticky or adhere to a surface.

These requirements are assessed generally by means of tests which aredesigned to individually measure tack, adhesion (peel strength), andcohesion (shear holding power), as noted in A. V. Pocius in Adhesion andAdhesives Technology: An Introduction, 2^(nd) Ed., Hanser GardnerPublication, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2002. These measurements taken togetherconstitute the balance of properties often used to characterize a PSA.

With broadened use of pressure-sensitive tapes over the years,performance requirements have become more demanding. Shear holdingcapability, for example, which originally was intended for applicationssupporting modest loads at room temperature, has now increasedsubstantially for many applications in terms of operating temperatureand load. When used as attachment devices for a variety of assembly andmanufacturing applications, such as interior or exterior automotivemounting of panels and molding, or in the construction industry,pressure sensitive adhesives are additionally required to provide goodadhesion performance to rough or irregular surfaces. In addition, manyapplications require pressure sensitive adhesives to support a load atelevated temperatures, typically in the range of from 70° C. to 90° C.,for which high cohesive strengths are required. So-called highperformance pressure-sensitive tapes are those capable of supportingloads at elevated temperatures for 10,000 minutes. Increased shearholding capability has generally been accomplished by crosslinking thePSA, although considerable care must be exercised so that high levels oftack and adhesion are retained in order to retain the aforementionedbalance of properties.

It is therefore a recognized challenge in the adhesive tapes industry tocombine good adhesion and good cohesion properties. In order to optimizethe adhesion of a PSA to a particular substrate, in particular anirregular substrate, an excellent surface wetting is necessary.

Partial solutions have been described in the art, whereby a non- or verylow crosslinked adhesive is applied to a surface and then post-cured, sothat, after an adequate surface wetting, the cohesive strength can bebuilt up. In that context, the so-called “semi-structural tapes”described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,289 (Karim et al.) have been used,as. These systems are based on post-curable epoxy functionalities andspecifically require using a superacid which is activated by UVirradiation as triggering energy. However, these known systems showundesired moisture sensitivity as the superacid needed for UV-inducedcationic curing or crosslinking of the epoxy functionalities decomposesto hydronium ion, rendering ineffective the ring-opening polymerizationof epoxies. Other known post-curable systems are based on the so-called“DICY-chemistry” described e.g. in EP-A1-0798354, wherein an epoxy-aminecuring reaction is triggered with heat. However, these systems require acontinuous heating step so as to maintain the curing reaction until thecuring or crosslinking step has been completed. Patent applications US2011/0076493-A1 (Kavanagh et al.) and US 2011/0178248-A1 (Kavanagh etal.) disclose pre-adhesive compositions comprising an aziridinecrosslinking agent.

The commonly known curing or crosslinking systems do not often provideindustrially viable solutions for the production of pressure sensitiveadhesives having acceptable characteristics. Without contesting thetechnical advantages associated with the curing or crosslinking systemsknown in the art for producing pressure sensitive adhesives, there isstill a need for a pressure sensitive adhesive provided with anexcellent and versatile balance of adhesive and cohesive properties, inparticular on uneven or irregular substrates.

Other advantages of the pressure sensitive adhesives and methods of theinvention will be apparent from the following description.

SUMMARY

According to one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a curableprecursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive comprising:

-   -   a) a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a        (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate ester        monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenically        unsaturated group and which is different from the (meth)acrylate        ester monomer;    -   b) a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and    -   c) an acid generating agent.

In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a compositeassembly comprising a substrate and a curable precursor of a pressuresensitive adhesive as above described applied onto at least part of thesurface of the substrate, thereby forming a layer of a curable precursorof a pressure sensitive adhesive.

According to still another aspect of the present disclosure, it isprovided a method of applying a pressure sensitive adhesive to asubstrate, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive comprising:        -   i. a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product            of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylic            acid ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an            ethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from            the (meth)acrylate ester monomer;        -   ii. a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and        -   iii. optionally, an acid generating agent;    -   b) applying the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive to at least part of the surface of the substrate; and    -   c) curing the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive        by allowing acid to be released into it.

In still another aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of acurable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive as above-described,for the bonding to an uneven or irregular substrate. In yet anotheraspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of a curable precursorof a pressure sensitive adhesive, for industrial applications, inparticular for automotive applications, in particular for taped seal onbody applications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a curableprecursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive comprising:

-   -   a) a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a        (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate ester        monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenically        unsaturated group and which is different from the (meth)acrylate        ester monomer ;    -   b) a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and    -   c) an acid generating agent.

In the context of the present disclosure, it has surprisingly been foundthat a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive as describedabove is outstandingly suitable for producing post-cured pressuresensitive adhesives provided with an excellent and versatile balance ofadhesive and cohesive properties, in particular on uneven or irregularsubstrates. The curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesiveaccording to the disclosure is particularly suitable to performon-demand post-curing, i.e. activatable and delayed in-place curing. Inthe context of the present disclosure, the acid generating agent for useherein acts as an activatable latent source of acid catalysts forcationic (ring-opening) polymerization of the polyfunctional aziridinecuring agent, resulting in curing of the precursor of a pressuresensitive adhesive according to the disclosure.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the curingmechanism used to build up inner strength of the pressure sensitiveadhesive involves the formation of an interpenetrating network involvingthe (meth)acrylate ester based (co)polymeric material and an aziridinenetwork resulting from acid-catalyzed cationic ring-openingpolymerization of polyfunctional aziridine monomeric units.

Still without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that theparticular combination of a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent and anacid generating agent, allows providing an excellent surface wettingcharacteristics to the precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive on itsuncured state, in particular on uneven or irregular substrates, whichultimately translates into providing excellent adhesives and cohesiveproperties to the pressure sensitive adhesive resulting from the curingof the precursor of the pressure sensitive adhesive.

The curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive of the presentdisclosure may be (pre)polymerized and cured in-place to produce apressure sensitive adhesive provided with excellent characteristicsdirectly on the desired substrate or article.

The use of the curable precursor composition and method of the presentdisclosure affords a number of advantages as compared to conventionalpost-curable compositions, such as e.g. those based on post-curableepoxy functionalities or on the so-called “DICY-chemistry”. Theseadvantages include, but are not limited to, insensitivity of the curablecomposition to moisture, and ability to perform post-curing of thecurable precursor by short initiation with a suitable triggering energy(e.g. thermal energy or actinic radiation) without the necessity toprovide a continuous source of triggering energy until the curing iscompleted.

In addition, the cured pressure sensitive adhesives exhibit high peelstrength, high cohesive strength, high temperature shear strength, andexcellent stress relaxation properties. The pressure-sensitive adhesivesaccording to the present disclosure, i.e. in the cured state, providethe desired balance of tack, peel adhesion, and shear holding power, andfurther conform to the Dahlquist criteria; i.e. the modulus of theadhesive at the application temperature, typically room temperature, isless than 3×106 dynes/cm at a frequency of 1 Hz.

The pressure sensitive adhesives according to the disclosure may findparticular use for adhering e.g. automotive body side mouldings, weatherstrips, road signs, commercial signs, constructions, electricalcabinets, shell moulds, machine parts, junction boxes or backsheetsolutions for photovoltaic modules. In a particular advantageous aspect,the pressure sensitive adhesives of the present disclosure provideexcellent adhesion properties on low surface energy substrates, such aspolyolefin surfaces and clear coat surfaces. More particularly, thepressure sensitive adhesives disclosed herein may be advantageouslybonded to automotive clear coat surfaces.

In the context of the present disclosure, the expression “low surfaceenergy substrates” is meant to refer to those substrates having asurface energy of less than 34 dynes per centimeter. Included among suchmaterials are polypropylene, polyethylene (e.g., high densitypolyethylene or HDPE), and blends of polypropylene (e.g. PP/EPDM,TPO).The surface energy is typically determined from contact anglemeasurements as described, for example, in ASTM D7490-08.

In the context of the present disclosure, the term “curing” is not meantto designate crosslinking, but is rather meant to refer to the formationof an interpenetrating polymer network structure, e.g. theinterpenetrating network involving the (meth)acrylate ester based(co)polymeric network and the aziridine polymeric network resulting fromacid-catalyzed cationic ring-opening polymerization of polyfunctionalaziridine monomeric units.

In the context of the present disclosure, and as well known to thoseskilled in the art, the term “acid generating agent” is meant to referto a latent source of acid catalysts for performing e.g. cationic(ring-opening) polymerization, and which is activatable by exposure to asuitable triggering energy (such as e.g. thermal energy or actinicradiation).

As used herein, the term “alkyl (meth)acrylate” and “alkyl(meth)acrylate ester” are used interchangeably. The term“(meth)acrylate” refers to an acrylate, methacrylate, or both. The term“(meth)acrylic” refers to methacrylic, acrylic, or both. A(meth)acrylic-based” material refers to one prepared from one or moremonomers having a (meth)acryloyl group, which is a group of formulaCH₂═C(R)—(CO)— where R is hydrogen or methyl.

The term “alkyl” refers to a monovalent group which is a saturatedhydrocarbon. The alkyl can be linear, branched, cyclic, or combinationsthereof and typically has 1 to 32 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, thealkyl group contains 1 to 25, 1 to 20, 1 to 18, 1 to 12, 1 to 10, 1 to8, 1 to 6, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include, butare not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl,2-ethylhexyl, 2-octyl and 2-propylheptyl.

The terms “glass transition temperature” and “Tg” are usedinterchangeably and refer to the glass transition temperature of amaterial or a mixture. Unless otherwise indicated, glass transitiontemperature values are determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC).

As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl” includes both straight-chained,branched, and cyclic alkyl groups with one or more heteroatomsindependently selected from S, O, and N with both unsubstituted andsubstituted alkyl groups. Unless otherwise indicated, the heteroalkylgroups typically contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. “Heteroalkyl” is asubset of “hydrocarbyl containing one or more S, N, O, P, or Si atoms”described below. Examples of “heteroalkyl” as used herein include, butare not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 3,6-dioxaheptyl,3-(trimethylsilyl)-propyl, 4-dimethylaminobutyl, and the like. Unlessotherwise noted, heteroalkyl groups may be mono- or polyvalent.

As used herein, “aryl” is an aromatic group containing 6-18 ring atomsand can contain optional fused rings, which may be saturated,unsaturated, or aromatic. Examples of an aryl groups include phenyl,naphthyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, and anthracyl. Heteroaryl is arylcontaining 1-3 heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur and cancontain fused rings. Some examples of heteroaryl groups are pyridyl,furanyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl,benzofuranyl, and benzthiazolyl. Unless otherwise noted, aryl andheteroaryl groups may be mono- or polyvalent.

As used herein, “(hetero)hydrocarbyl” is inclusive of hydrocarbyl alkyland aryl groups, and heterohydrocarbyl heteroalkyl and heteroarylgroups, the later comprising one or more catenary oxygen heteroatomssuch as ether or amino groups. Heterohydrocarbyl may optionally containone or more catenary (in-chain) functional groups including ester,amide, urea, urethane, and carbonate functional groups. Unless otherwiseindicated, the non-polymeric (hetero)hydrocarbyl groups typicallycontain from 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Some examples of suchheterohydrocarbyls as used herein include, but are not limited to,methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 4-diphenylaminobutyl,2-(2′-phenoxyethoxy)ethyl, 3,6-dioxaheptyl, 3,6-dioxahexyl-6-phenyl, inaddition to those described for “alkyl”, “heteroalkyl”, “aryl”, and“heteroaryl” supra.

In a typical aspect, the (co)polymeric material comprising the reactionproduct of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylateester monomer, comprises a polymer base material selected from the groupconsisting of polyacrylates whose main monomer component comprises alinear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester, preferably a non-polarlinear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester having a linear orbranched alkyl group comprising preferably from 1 to 32, from 1 to 20,or even from 1 to 15 carbon atoms.

According to a particular aspect, the (co)polymeric material for useherein comprises a polymer base material selected from the groupconsisting of polyacrylates whose main monomer component preferablycomprises a linear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester, preferably anon-polar linear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester having a linearor branched alkyl group comprising preferably from 1 to 32, from 1 to20, or even from 1 to 15 carbon atoms.

According to a preferred aspect of the curable precursor of a pressuresensitive adhesive of the present disclosure, the (co)polymeric materialfor use herein comprises a polymer base material selected from the groupconsisting of polyacrylates whose main monomer component comprises alinear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester selected from the groupconsisting of methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-propyl(meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutylacrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-pentyl (meth)acrylate, iso-pentyl(meth)acrylate, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate, iso-hexyl (meth)acrylate,cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, phenyl (meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate,iso-octyl (meth)acrylate, 2-octyl(meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylate, decyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate,2-propylheptyl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, isobornylacrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, octadecyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate,dodecyl acrylate, isophoryl (meth)acrylate, and any combinations ormixtures thereof.

In a more preferred aspect, the linear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylateester for use herein is selected from the group consisting of iso-octyl(meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, 2-propylheptyl(meth)acrylate, 2-octyl (meth)acrylate, butyl acrylate, and anycombinations or mixtures thereof; more preferably from the groupconsisting of iso-octyl acrylate (IOA), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA),2-octyl acrylate (2-OA) and 2-propylheptyl acrylate (2-PHA). In aparticularly preferred aspect, the linear or branched alkyl(meth)acrylate ester for use herein comprises or consists of2-ethylhexyl acrylate.

According to an alternative aspect, the linear or branched alkyl(meth)acrylate ester for use herein is selected to comprise2-octyl(meth)acrylate. Polymer base material derived from 2-octyl(meth)acrylate provides comparable adhesive properties when comparedwith other isomers of octyl (meth)acrylate, such as n-octyl andisooctyl. Further, the pressure sensitive adhesive compositions havelower inherent and solution viscosities when compared to adhesivecompositions derived from other octyl isomers, such as isooctylacrylate, at the same concentrations, and under the same polymerizationconditions.

The 2-octyl (meth)acrylate may be prepared by conventional techniquesfrom 2-octanol and (meth)acryloyl derivates such as esters, acids andacyl halides. The 2-octanol may be prepared by treatment of ricinoleicacid, derived from castor oil, (or ester or acyl halide thereof) withsodium hydroxide, followed by distillation from the co-product sebacicacid.

It is however preferred that the 2-octyl(meth)acrylate monomer for useherein is at least partly, preferably completely (i.e. 100 wt %) derivedfrom biological material, more preferably from a plant material. Thismay advantageously be used to provide adhesive films/tapes which are atleast partly derived from “green” sources, which is ecologically moresustainable and also reduces the dependency on mineral oil and the pricedevelopment.

In the context of the present disclosure, the term “derived frombiological material” is meant to express that from a certain chemicalingredient, at least a part of its chemical structure comes frombiological materials, preferably at least 50 wt % of its structure. Thisdefinition is in principle the same as for bio-diesel fuel, in whichusually only the fatty acid part originates from biological sourceswhereas the methanol may also be derived from fossil material like coalor mineral oil.

Accordingly, in one specific aspect, at least 50 wt %, at least 75 wt %,or even 100 wt % of the chemical structure of the 2-octyl(meth)acrylateis at least partly, preferably completely (i.e. 100 wt %) derived frombiological material, more preferably from a plant material.

The (meth)acrylate ester monomer(s) for use herein may be present in the(co)polymerizable material, in any suitable amounts. In some exemplaryaspects, the (meth)acrylate ester monomer(s) are present in amounts upto 100 parts by weight, up to 90 parts by weight, or even up to 80 partsby weight of the (co)polymerizable material. In some other exemplaryaspects, this amount is typically of at least 50 parts by weight, or atleast 60 parts by weight of the (co)polymerizable material.

Accordingly, in some exemplary aspects, the (meth)acrylate estermonomer(s) are present in amounts in a range of from 50 to 100 parts,from 60 to 95 parts by weight, from 65 to 90 parts, or even from 65 to80 parts by weight of the (co)polymerizable material.

According to a particular aspect, the (co)polymeric material for useherein may further comprise an optional co-monomer having anethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from the(meth)acrylate ester monomer(s) described above. Suitable co-monomer(s)having an ethylenically unsaturated group for use herein will be easilyidentified by those skilled in the art, in the light of the presentdescription. As such, co-monomer(s) having an ethylenically unsaturatedgroup for use herein are not particularly limited as long as they aredifferent from the (meth)acrylate ester monomer(s) described above.

In one preferred aspect, the co-monomer(s) having an ethylenicallyunsaturated group include, but are not limited to, the group of polarmonomers, in particular non-acid functional polar monomers.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, the co-monomer(s) having anethylenically unsaturated group are selected from the group of non-acidfunctional polar monomers having a single ethylenically unsaturatedgroup and a nitrogen-containing group or a salt thereof. In a typicalaspect, the nitrogen-containing group is selected from secondary amidogroups and tertiary amido groups, in particular those selected from thegroup consisting of N-vinyl lactams.

Advantageoulsy, the co-monomer(s) having an ethylenically unsaturatedgroup may be selected from the group consisting of N-vinyl lactams, inparticular N-vinyl caprolactam, N-vinyl piperidone, N-vinyl pyrrolidone;acryloyl morpholine, acrylamides and substituted acrylamides; inparticular t-butyl acrylamide, dimethylamino ethyl acrylamide, N-octylacrylamide, N,N-dialkyl acrylamides, N-methyl acrylamide, N-ethylacrylamide, N-isopropyl acrylamide, tert-octyl acrylamide, N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N,N-diethyl acrylamide, N,N-dipropyl acrylamide, N,N-dibutylacrylamide; and any combinations or mixtures thereof. Preferably, theco-monomer(s) having an ethylenically unsaturated group comprise N-vinylcaprolactam. Preferably still, the co-monomer having an ethylenicallyunsaturated is selected to be N-vinyl caprolactam.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that theco-monomer(s) having an ethylenically unsaturated group selected fromthe group of non-acid functional polar monomers having a singleethylenically unsaturated group and a nitrogen-containing group, and inparticular those wherein the nitrogen-containing group is selected fromthe group consisting of N-vinyl lactams, do advantageously affect thecuring mechanism. It is further believed that the co-monomer(s) havingan ethylenically unsaturated group selected from the group of non-acidfunctional polar monomers having a single ethylenically unsaturatedgroup and a nitrogen-containing group beneficially participate in theformation of an interpenetrating network involving the (meth)acrylateester based (co)polymeric material and an aziridine network resultingfrom acid-catalyzed cationic ring-opening polymerization ofpolyfunctional aziridine monomeric units.

The co-monomer(s) having an ethylenically unsaturated group for useherein may be present in the (co)polymerizable material, in any suitableamounts. In some exemplary aspects, the co-monomer(s) having anethylenically unsaturated group are present in amounts up to 40 parts byweight, up to 35 parts by weight, or even up to 30 parts by weight ofthe (co)polymerizable material. In some other exemplary aspects, thisamount is typically of at least 5 parts by weight, or at least 10 partsby weight of the (co)polymerizable material.

Accordingly, in some exemplary aspects, the co-monomer(s) having anethylenically unsaturated group are present in amounts in a range offrom 0 to 40 parts, from 5 to 35 parts by weight, or even from 20 to 35parts by weight of the (co)polymerizable material. In some otherexelplary aspects, the co-monomer(s) having an ethylenically unsaturatedgroup are present in amounts in a range of from 0 to 20 parts, from 5 to15 parts by weight, or even from 5 to 10 parts by weight of the(co)polymerizable material.

In a particular aspect of the curable precursor of the presentdisclosure, the (co)polymerizable material comprises:

-   -   a) from 60 to 100 parts by weight, from 65 to 95 parts by        weight, or even from 65 to 80 parts by weight, of a        (meth)acrylate ester monomer; and    -   b) optionally, from 0 to 40 parts by weight, from 5 to 35 parts        by weight, or even from 20 to 35 parts by weight, of a        co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group.

In some exemplary aspects, the (co)polymerizable material suitable forpreparing the (co)polymeric material of the curable precursor, comprisesa second co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group. Suitablesecond co-monomer(s) having an ethylenically unsaturated group for useherein will be easily identified by those skilled in the art, in thelight of the present description. As such, the second co-monomer(s)having an ethylenically unsaturated group for use herein are notparticularly limited.

In one exemplary aspect, the second co-monomer(s) having anethylenically unsaturated group include, but are not limited to, thegroup consisting of high Tg monomers. In the context of the presentdisclosure, the expression “high Tg monomer” is meant to refer tomonomers having a Tg of at least 25° C., preferably at least 50° C.(wherein the Tg of a monomer is measured as a homopolymer prepared fromthe monomer).

Suitable high Tg monomers for use herein include, but are not limitedto, those selected from the group consisting of t-butyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butylmethacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, s-butyl methacrylate, t-butylmethacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, 3,3,5 trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate,N-octyl acrylamide, propyl methacrylate, and any combinations ormixtures thereof.

According to a particular aspect of the curable precursor according tothe disclosure, the (co)polymerizable material comprises:

-   -   a) from 50 to 100 parts by weight, from 60 to 90 parts by        weight, or even from 65 to 80 parts by weight, of a        (meth)acrylate ester monomer; and    -   b) optionally, from 0 to 20 parts by weight, from 5 to 15 parts        by weight, or even from 5 to 10 parts by weight, of a co-monomer        having an ethylenically unsaturated group; and    -   c) optionally, from 0 to 30 parts by weight, from 5 to 25 parts        by weight, or even from 15 to 25 parts by weight, of a second        co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group.

According to a particular aspect of the curable precursor according tothe disclosure, the (co)polymerizable material is free of acidfunctional monomers.

In order to increase cohesive strength of the pressure sensitiveadhesive, a multifunctional (meth)acrylate may optionally beincorporated into the blend of polymerizable monomers. Examples ofuseful multifunctional (meth)acrylate include, but are not limited to,di(meth)acrylates, tri(meth)acrylates, and tetra(meth)acrylates, such as1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, poly(ethylene glycol)di(meth)acrylates, polybutadiene di(meth)acrylate, polyurethanedi(meth)acrylates, and propoxylated glycerin tri(meth)acrylate, andmixtures thereof. The amount and identity of multifunctional(meth)acrylate is tailored depending upon application of the adhesivecomposition. Typically, the multifunctional (meth)acrylate is present inamounts less than 5 parts based on total dry weight of adhesivecomposition. More specifically, the crosslinker may be present inamounts from 0.01 to 5 parts, preferably 0.05 to 1 parts, based on 100parts total monomers (polymerized or unpolymerized) of the adhesivecomposition.

Generally, the (co)polymerizable material (pre-polymerization monomermixture) used to prepare the (co)polymeric material, includes anappropriate initiator. For polymerization by ultraviolet light, aphotoinitiator is included. Useful photoinitiators include substitutedacetophenones such as benzyl dimethyl ketal and 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenyl ketone, substituted alpha-ketols such as2-methyl-2-hydroxypropiophenone, benzoin ethers such as benzoin methylether, benzoin isopropyl ether, substituted benzoin ethers such asanisoin methyl ether, aromatic sulfonyl chlorides, photoactive oximesand azo-type initiators. The photoinitiator may be used in an amountfrom about 0.001 to about 5.0 parts by weight, preferably from about0.01 to about 5.0 parts by weight, more preferably in an amount from0.05 to 0.5 parts by weight, and more preferably in an amount from 0.05to 0.3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of total monomer.

The pre-polymerization monomer mixture used to prepare the acrylate the(co)polymeric material, may also be polymerized by thermalpolymerization or by a combination of thermal and radiationpolymerization. For thermal polymerization, a thermal initiator isincluded. Thermal initiators useful in the present invention include,but are not limited to azo, peroxide, persulfate, and redox initiators.Azo-type initiators, such as e.g. the “Vazo” line, commerciallyavailable from DuPont Chemical Co, are particularly preferred. Thethermal initiator may be used in an amount from about 0.01 to about 5.0parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of total monomer, preferablyfrom 0.025 to 2 weight percent.

The (co)polymerizable material may optionally further comprise chaintransfer agents to control the molecular weight of the resultantpolymer. Examples of useful chain transfer agents include but are notlimited to those selected from the group consisting of carbontetrabromide, alcohols, mercaptans, and mixtures thereof. When present,the preferred chain transfer agents are isooctylthioglycolate and carbontetrabromide. The emulsion mixture may further comprise up to about 0.5parts by weight of a chain transfer agent, typically about 0.01 to about0.5 parts by weight, if used, preferably about 0.05 parts by weight toabout 0.2 parts by weight, based upon 100 parts by weight of the totalmonomer mixture.

The curable precursor according to the disclosure further comprises apolyfunctional aziridine curing agent. Suitable polyfunctional aziridinecuring agents for use herein will be easily identified by those skilledin the art, in the light of the present description. As such, thepolyfunctional aziridine curing agents for use herein are notparticularly limited. Suitable polyfunctional aziridine curing agentsfor use herein are described e.g. in US-A1-2011/0178248 (Kavanagh etal.), the content of which is herewith incorporated by reference.

In one exemplary aspect, the polyfunctional aziridine curing agentscomprise at least two aziridine functional groups, in particular two orthree aziridine functional groups. In another exemplary aspect, thepolyfunctional aziridine curing agents comprise at least one aziridinefunctional group and at least one (meth)acryloyl functional group.

According to a particular aspect of the present disclosure, thepolyfunctional aziridine curing agent for use herein has the followingformula:

wherein

-   -   R¹ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   x is 0, 1 or 2, and    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3.

According to another particular aspect of the present disclosure, thepolyfunctional aziridine curing agent for use herein has the followingformula:

wherein

-   -   R³ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group; and    -   x is 0, 1 or 2.

According to another particular aspect of the present disclosure, thepolyfunctional aziridine curing agent for use herein has the followingformula:

wherein

-   -   R⁴ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group having a valency of y;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3;    -   x is 0, 1 or 2; and    -   each of a and b are independently 0 to 6, 0 to 4, or even 0 to        2.

According to still another particular aspect of the present disclosure,the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent for use herein has thefollowing formula:

wherein

-   -   R⁴ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group having a valency of y;    -   R⁵ and R⁶ are independently (hetero)hydrocarbyl groups;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3;    -   x is 0, 1 or 2; and    -   each of a and b are independently 0 to 6, 0 to 4, or even 0 to        2.

According to still another particular aspect of the present disclosure,the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent for use herein has thefollowing formula:

wherein

-   -   R⁴ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group having a valency of y;    -   R⁷ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group, in particular C₂-C₁₂ alkyl        group, C₂-C₈ alkyl group, C₂-C₆ alkyl group, or even        CH₂—CHR′—O-group, with R′ being H or CH3;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3;    -   x is 0, 1 or 2; and    -   a is 0 to 100, 1 to 50, 1 to 20 or even 1 to 10.

According to still another particular aspect of the present disclosure,the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent for use herein has thefollowing formula:

wherein

-   -   R⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group having a valency of y;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3; and    -   x is 0, 1 or 2.

According to still another particular aspect of the present disclosure,the polyfunctional aziridine curing agents for use herein have thefollowing formula:

The curable precursor according to the disclosure further comprises anacid generating agent. Suitable acid generating agents for use hereinwill be easily identified by those skilled in the art, in the light ofthe present description. As such, the acid generating agents for useherein are not particularly limited. Suitable acid generating agents foruse herein are described e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,536 (Palazzotto),US-A1-2011/0178248 (Kavanagh et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,289 (Karimet al.) incorporated herein by reference.

In one typical aspect, the acid generating agents are selected from thegroup consisting of thermal acid generating agents, photo acidgenerating agents, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. As will beapparent to those skilled in the art, some acid generating agents mayoperate as both thermal- and photo acid generating agents.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the(super)acid generated by the acid generating agents initiates thering-opening homopolymerization of the polyfunctional aziridine curingagents acting as monomeric units.

Suitable thermal acid generating agents are for example selected fromthe group consisting of quarternary blocked superacids, amine blockedsuperacids, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. Exemplaryquarternary blocked superacids for use herein are quarternary blockedSbF₆, quarternary blocked triflic acid, and any combinations thereof.Exemplary suitable thermal acid generating agents are for examplecommercially available from King Industries under tradename K-Pure CXCand TAG series.

In a particular aspect, the acid generating agents for use herein areselected from the group consisting of quarternary blocked SbF₆,quarternary blocked triflic acid, quarternary blocked fluorosulfonicacids, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.

Suitable photo acid generating agents are for example selected from thegroup consisting of ionic salts of organometallic complexes and oniumsalts, in particular sulfonium and iodonium salts. Exemplary organiconium salts for use herein are iodonium or sulfonium or phenyliodoniumsalts of the anions SbF₆—, PF₆—, CF₃SO₃—, C₄F₉SO₃— and C₈F₁₇SO₃—, andany combinations or mixtures thereof. Exemplary suitable photo acidgenerating agents are for example commercially available from BluestarSilicones under tradename Rhodorsil 2074, from Wako Chemicals undertradename WPI 113 (Iodonium salt), from Hampford Research Inc. undertradename FP 5386, or from BASF under tradenames CGI 1907 or Irgacure290 (Sulfonium salt).

The curable precursor according to the disclosure, may in some aspectsfurther comprise a filler material which is preferably selected from thegroup consisting of filler particles, in particular expanded perlite,microspheres, expendable microspheres, glassbeads, glass microspheres,silica type fillers, hydrophobic silica type fillers, hydrophilic silicatype fillers, hydrophobic fumed silica, hydrophilic fumed silica,fibers, electrically and/or thermally conducting particles,nanoparticles, in particular silica nanoparticles, and any combinationsor mixtures thereof. The disclosure is however not that limited asalternative filler material may be easily identified by those skilled inthe art, in the light of the present disclosure. In a particular aspect,the filler material, in particular the particulate filler materialcomprises hollow glass microspheres.

The filler material for use herein may be present in the curableprecursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive, in any suitable amounts. Insome exemplary aspects, the filler material is present in amounts up to30 parts by weight, up to 25 parts by weight, or even up to 20 parts byweight of the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive. Insome other exemplary aspects, this amount is typically of at least 1part by weight, or at least 3 parts by weight of the curable precursorof a pressure sensitive adhesive.

Accordingly, in some exemplary aspects, the filler material is presentin amounts in a range of from 1 to 20 parts, from 3 to 15 parts byweight, or even from 5 to 13 parts by weight of the curable precursor ofa pressure sensitive adhesive.

In the context of this disclosure, the (co)polymeric material comprisingthe reaction product of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a(meth)acrylate ester monomer is present in the curable precursor of apressure sensitive adhesive in an amount of 100 parts by weight tocalculate the amounts of the remaining ingredients.

In a particular aspect, the curable precursor of the disclosurecomprises:

-   -   a) 100 parts by weight of a (co)polymeric material comprising        the reaction product of a (co)polymerizable material comprising        a (meth)acrylate ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer        having an ethylenically unsaturated group;    -   b) from 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, from 0.5 to 25 parts by        weight, from 1 to 20 parts by weight, from 1 to 15 parts by        weight, or even from 5 to 15 parts by weight, of a        polyfunctional aziridine curing agent;    -   c) from 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, from 0.1 to 8 parts by        weight, from 0.2 to 6 parts by weight, or even from 0.2 to 5        parts by weight, of an acid generating agent; and    -   d) optionally, from 1 to 20 parts by weight, from 3 to 15 parts        by weight, or even from 5 to 13 parts by weight, of a filler        material, preferably hollow glass microspheres.

The curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive may also containone or more conventional additives. Preferred additives includetackifiers, plasticizers, dyes, antioxidants, and UV stabilizers. Suchadditives can be used if they do not affect the superior properties ofthe pressure sensitive adhesives.

If tackifiers are used, then up to about 50% by weight, preferably lessthan 30% by weight, and more preferably less than 5% by weight based onthe dry weight of the total adhesive polymer would be suitable. The typeand amount of tackifier can affect properties such as contactability,bonding range, bond strength, heat resistance and specific adhesion.

Suitable tackifying resins include, for example, terpene phenolics,rosins, rosin esters, esters of hydrogenated rosins, synthetichydrocarbon resins and combinations thereof. Especially suitabletackifying resins include the commercially available tackifying resins:FORAL 85E (a glycerol ester of highly hydrogenated refined gum rosin)commercially available from Eastman, Middelburg, NL), FORAL 3085 (aglycerol ester of highly hydrogenated refined wood rosin) commerciallyavailable from Hercules Inc., Wilmington, Del.; ESCOREZ 2520 and ESCOREZ5615 (aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbon resins) commercially available fromExxonMobil Corp., Houston, Tex.; and Regalite 7100 (a partiallyhydrogenated hydrocarbon resin) commercially available from Eastman,Kingsport, Tenn.

The curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive may contain aplasticizer, if desired. The plasticizer is typically selected to becompatible with (i.e., miscible with) the other components in thecomposition such as the polymerizable material and any optionaltackifier. Suitable plasticizers include, but are not limited to,various polyalkylene oxides (e.g., polyethylene oxides or propyleneoxides), adipic acid esters, formic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters,benzoic acid esters, phthalic acid esters, and sulfonamides, ornaphthenic oils.

The (co)polymeric material may be prepared by any conventional freeradical polymerization method, including solution, radiation, bulk,dispersion, emulsion, solventless, and suspension processes. Generally,the pre-polymerization monomer mixture used to prepare the (co)polymericmaterial, includes an appropriate initiator.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the curable precursorof a pressure sensitive adhesive according to the present disclosure mayfurther include a variety of additional additives depending on theenvisaged properties for the resulting cured pressure sensitiveadhesive. Exemplary additional additives include, but are not limitedto, one or more plasticizers, UV stabilizers, antistatic agents,colorants, antioxidants, fungicides, bactericides, organic and/orinorganic filler particles, pigments, and any combinations thereof.Advantageously, the additional additives for use herein arenon-polymerizable additives. As will be apparent to those skilled in theart, additional additives for use herein may be included at appropriatetiming and in the appropriate polymeric or pre-polymeric matrix.

One exemplary method of preparing a curable precursor of a pressuresensitive adhesive comprises partially polymerizing monomers to producea syrup polymer comprising the (meth)acrylate copolymer andunpolymerized monomers. Generally, the polyfunctional aziridine curingagent, the acid generating agent, and optionally the co-monomer havingan ethylenically unsaturated group, are added to the partiallypolymerized composition, then coated on a suitable substrate and furtherpolymerized. The syrup polymer composition is polymerized to a usefulcoating viscosity, which may be coated onto a substrate (such as a tapebacking) and further polymerized. Partial polymerization provides acoatable solution of the (meth)acrylate copolymer.

In an alternative exemplary method of preparing a curable precursor ofpressure sensitive adhesive, the (meth)acrylate copolymer is prepared bysolution methods. A typical solution polymerization method is carriedout by adding the monomers, a suitable solvent, and an optional chaintransfer agent to a reaction vessel, adding a free radical initiator,purging with nitrogen, and maintaining the reaction vessel at anelevated temperature, typically in the range of about 40 to 100° C.until the reaction is completed, typically in about 1 to 20 hours,depending upon the batch size and temperature. Examples of the solventare methanol, tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, methylethyl ketone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, toluene, xylene, and anethylene glycol alkyl ether. These solvents can be used alone or asmixtures thereof. Generally, the polyfunctional aziridine curing agentand the acid generating agent are added to a solution of the(meth)acrylate copolymer thereby forming a coating solution, then coatedon a suitable substrate and further dried in an oven.

The polymerizations may be conducted in the presence of, or preferablyin the absence of, suitable solvents such as ethyl acetate, toluene andtetrahydrofuran which are unreactive with the functional groups of thecomponents of the syrup polymer.

Polymerization can be accomplished by exposing the syrup polymercomposition to energy in the presence of a photoinitiator. Energyactivated initiators may be unnecessary where, for example, ionizingradiation is used to initiate polymerization.

A preferred method of preparation of the coatable syrup polymer isphotoinitiated free radical polymerization. Advantages of thephotopolymerization method are that 1) heating the monomer solution isunnecessary and 2) photoinitiation is stopped completely when theactivating light source is turned off. Polymerization to achieve acoatable viscosity may be conducted such that the conversion of monomersto polymer is up to about 30%. Polymerization can be terminated when thedesired conversion and viscosity have been achieved by removing thelight source and by bubbling air (oxygen) into the solution to quenchpropagating free radicals. The solute polymer(s) may be preparedconventionally in a non-monomeric solvent and advanced to highconversion (degree of polymerization). When solvent (monomeric ornon-monomeric) is used, the solvent may be removed (for example byvacuum distillation) either before or after formation of the syruppolymer. While an acceptable method, this procedure involving a highlyconverted functional polymer is not preferred because an additionalsolvent removal step is required, another material may be required (thenon-monomeric solvent), and dissolution of the high molecular weight,highly converted solute polymer in the monomer mixture may require asignificant period of time.

Useful photoinitiators include benzoin ethers such as benzoin methylether and benzoin isopropyl ether; substituted acetophenones such as2,2-dimethoxyacetophenone, available as Irgacure™ 651 photoinitiator(Ciba-Geigy Corp.; Ardsley, N.Y.), 2,2dimethoxy-2-phenyl-1-phenylethanone, available as Esacure™ KB-1photoinitiator (Sartomer Co.; West Chester, Pa.), anddimethoxyhydroxyacetophenone; substituted α-ketols such as2-methyl-2-hydroxy propiophenone; aromatic sulfonyl chlorides such as2-naphthalene-sulfonyl chloride; and photoactive oximes such as1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione-2-(O-ethoxy-carbonyl)oxime. Particularlypreferred among these are the substituted acetophenones.

Preferred photoinitiators are photoactive compounds that undergo aNorrish I cleavage to generate free radicals that can initiate byaddition to the acrylic double bonds. The photoinitiator can be added tothe mixture to be coated after the copolymer has been formed, i.e.,photoinitiator can be added to the syrup polymer mixture. Suchpolymerizable photoinitiators are described, for example, in U.S. Pat.No. 5,902,836 (Bennett et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,279 (Babu etal.).

The syrup polymer composition and the photoinitiator may be irradiatedwith activating UV radiation to polymerize the monomer component(s). UVlight sources can be of two types: 1) relatively low light intensitysources such as Blacklights which provide generally 10 mW/cm² or less(as measured in accordance with procedures approved by the United StatesNational Institute of Standards and Technology as, for example, with aUVIMAP™ UM 365 L-S radiometer manufactured by Electronic

Instrumentation & Technology, Inc., in Sterling, Va.) over a wavelengthrange of 280 to 400 nanometers and 2) relatively high light intensitysources such as medium pressure mercury lamps which provide intensitiesgenerally greater than 10 mW/cm², preferably between 15 and 450 mW/cm².Where actinic radiation is used to fully or partially polymerize thesyrup polymer composition, high intensities and short exposure times arepreferred. For example, an intensity of 600 mW/cm² and an exposure timeof about 1 second may be used successfully. Intensities can range fromabout 0.1 to about 150 mW/cm², preferably from about 0.5 to about 100mW/cm², and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 50 mW/cm². Suchphotoinitiators preferably are present in an amount of from 0.1 to 1.0pbw per 100 pbw of the syrup polymer composition.

Accordingly, relatively thick coatings (e.g., at least about 1 mil or25.4 micrometers) can be achieved when the extinction coefficient of thephotoinitiator is low.

The degree of conversion can be monitored during the irradiation bymeasuring the index of refraction of the polymerizing medium aspreviously described. Useful coating viscosities are achieved withconversions (i.e. the percentage of available monomer polymerized) inthe range of up to 30%, preferably 2-20%, more preferably from 5-15%,and most preferably from 7-12%. The molecular weight (weight average) ofthe solute polymer(s) is at least 100,000, preferably at least 500,000.

When preparing pressure sensitive adhesives, it is expedient for thephotoinitiated polymerization reactions to proceed to virtualcompletion, i.e., depletion of the monomeric components, at temperaturesless than about 70° C. (preferably at 50° C. or less) with reactiontimes less than 24 hours, preferably less than 12 hours, and morepreferably less than 6 hours. These temperature ranges and reactionrates obviate the need for free radical polymerization inhibitors, whichare often added to acrylic systems to stabilize against undesired,premature polymerization and gelation. Furthermore, the addition ofinhibitors adds extraneous material that will remain with the system andinhibit the desired polymerization of the syrup polymer and formation ofthe cured pressure sensitive adhesives of the disclosure. Free radicalpolymerization inhibitors are often required at processing temperaturesof 70° C. and higher for reaction periods of more than about 6 to 10hours.

It is preferable to coat the curable precursor of pressure sensitiveadhesive soon after preparation. The curable precursor composition ofpressure sensitive adhesive, either as a syrup or solution are easilycoated upon suitable substrates, such as flexible backing materials, byconventional coating techniques, then further polymerized, and cured ordried, to produce adhesive coated sheet materials. The flexible backingmaterial may be any material conventionally utilized as a tape backing,optical film or any other flexible material.

Adhesive articles may be prepared by coating the curable precursorcomposition of a pressure sensitive adhesive on a suitable support, suchas a flexible backing. Examples of materials that can be included in theflexible backing include polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene(including isotactic polypropylene), polystyrene, polyester, polyvinylalcohol, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene terephthalate),poly(caprolactam), poly(vinylidene fluoride), polylactides, celluloseacetate, and ethyl cellulose and the like. Commercially availablebacking materials useful in the invention include kraft paper (availablefrom Monadnock Paper, Inc.); cellophane (available from Flexel Corp.);spun-bond poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene), such as Tyvek™ and Typar™(available from DuPont, Inc.); and porous films obtained frompoly(ethylene) and poly(propylene), such as Teslin™ (available from PPGIndustries, Inc.), and Cellguard™ (available from Hoechst-Celanese).

Backings may also be prepared of fabric such as woven fabric formed ofthreads of synthetic or natural materials such as cotton, nylon, rayon,glass, ceramic materials, and the like or nonwoven fabric such as airlaid webs of natural or synthetic fibers or blends of these. The backingmay also be formed of metal, metalized polymer films, or ceramic sheetmaterials may take the form of any article conventionally known to beutilized with pressure sensitive adhesive compositions such as labels,tapes, signs, covers, marking indicia, and the like.

The above-described precursor compositions are coated on a substrateusing conventional coating techniques modified as appropriate to theparticular substrate. For example, these compositions can be applied toa variety of solid substrates by methods such as roller coating, flowcoating, dip coating, spin coating, spray coating, knife coating, anddie coating. These various methods of coating allow the compositions tobe placed on the substrate at variable thicknesses thus allowing a widerrange of use of the compositions. Coating thicknesses may vary aspreviously described.

The syrup polymers may be of any desirable concentration for subsequentcoating, but is typically between 2 to 20 wt. % polymer solids inmonomer, preferably 5 to 15 wt. %. The desired concentration may beachieved by further dilution of the coating composition, or by partialdrying.

The flexible support may also comprise a release-coated substrate. Suchsubstrates are typically employed when an adhesive transfer tape isprovided. Examples of release-coated substrates are well known in theart and include, by way of example, silicone-coated kraft paper and thelike. Tapes of the invention may also incorporate a low adhesion backing(LAB), which are known in the art.

According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a curedpressure sensitive adhesive obtainable by curing the curable precursoras above-described. In this context, the curing step is preferablyperformed by allowing acid to be released into the curable precursor ofa pressure sensitive adhesive.

In a preferred aspect of the cured pressure sensitive adhesive accordingto the disclosure, the curing step is performed by subjecting thecurable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive to a triggeringenergy sufficient to allow the acid generating agent to release acidinto the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive, and whereinthe triggering energy is preferably selected from the group of thermalenergy or actinic radiation, more preferably UV radiation.

In still another aspect of the present disclosure, it is provided acomposite assembly comprising a substrate and a curable precursor of apressure sensitive adhesive, as above-described, applied onto at leastpart of the surface of the substrate, thereby forming a layer of acurable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive.

According to an alternative execution of the composite assembly, thelayer of a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive is cured,preferably by allowing acid to be released into the curable precursor ofa pressure sensitive adhesive.

In a preferred aspect of the composite assembly according to thedisclosure, the curing step is performed by subjecting the curableprecursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive to a triggering energysufficient to allow the acid generating agent to release acid into thecurable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive, and wherein thetriggering energy is preferably selected from the group of thermalenergy or actinic radiation, more preferably UV radiation.

Advantageoulsy, the composite assembly according to the presentdisclosure is an adhesive article, wherein the substrate is preferably aflexible backing layer.

According to an advantageous aspect of the composite assembly, the layerof a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive takes the formof a polymeric foam layer. According to this beneficial aspect,properties/requirements of the overall composite assembly such asapplication issues, deforming issues and energy distribution may beadvantageously addressed by appropriate formulation of this polymericfoam layer, while other properties such as adhesion (quick adhesion) canbe adjusted by the formulation of other non-foam pressure sensitiveadhesive layers (also commonly referred to as skin layers).

In the context of the present disclosure, the term “polymeric foam” ismeant to designate a material based on a polymer and which materialcomprises voids, typically in an amount of at least 5% by volume,typically from 10% to 55% by volume or from 10% to 45% by volume. Thevoids may be obtained by any of the known methods such as cells formedby gas. Alternatively, the voids may result from the incorporation ofhollow fillers, such as hollow polymeric particles, hollow glassmicrospheres or hollow ceramic microspheres.

A polymeric foam layer for use herein has for example a thicknesscomprised between 100 and 6000 μm, between 200 and 4000 μm, between 500and 2000 μm, or even between 800 and 1500 μm. As will be apparent tothose skilled in the art, in the light of the present description, thepreferred thickness of the polymeric foam layer will be dependent on theintended application.

A polymeric foam layer typically has a density comprised between 0.45g/cm³ and 1.5 g/cm³, between 0.45 g/cm³ and 1.10 g/cm³, between 0.50g/cm³ and 0.95 g/cm³, between 0.60 g/cm³ and 0.95 g/cm³, or even between0.70 g/cm³ and 0.95 g/cm³. This density is achieved by including voidsor cells. Typically, the polymeric foam layer will comprise at least 5%of voids by volume and for example between 15 and 45%, or between 20%and 45% by volume.

The voids or cells in the polymeric foam layer can be created in any ofthe known manners described in the art and include the use of a gas orblowing agent and/or including hollow particles into the composition forthe polymeric foam layer. For example, according to one method to createa polymeric foam described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,615, an acrylic foamcan be obtained by the steps of (i) frothing a composition containingthe acrylate monomers and optional comonomers, (ii) coating the froth ona backing and (iii) polymerizing the frothed composition. It is alsopossible to coat the unfrothed composition of the acrylate monomers andoptional comonomers to the backing and to then simultaneously foam andpolymerize that composition. Frothing of the composition may beaccomplished by whipping a gas into the polymerizable composition.Preferred gasses for this purpose are inert gasses such as nitrogen andcarbon dioxide, particularly if the polymerization is photoinitiated.

According to still another aspect, it is provided a (post)curing systemfor pressure sensitive adhesives, comprising a polyfunctional aziridinecuring agent and an acid generating agent.

According to yet another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to amethod of applying a pressure sensitive adhesive to a substrate,comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive comprising:        -   i. a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product            of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate            ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an            ethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from            the (meth)acrylate ester monomer;        -   ii. a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and        -   iii. optionally, an acid generating agent;    -   b) applying the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive to at least part of the surface of the substrate; and    -   c) curing the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive        by allowing acid to be released into it.

According to another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to amethod of applying a pressure sensitive adhesive to a substrate,comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive comprising:        -   i. a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product            of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate            ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an            ethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from            the (meth)acrylate ester monomer;        -   ii. a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and        -   iii. optionally, an acid generating agent;    -   b) partially curing the curable precursor of a pressure        sensitive adhesive by allowing acid to be released into it;    -   c) applying the partially cured pressure sensitive adhesive to        at least part of the surface of the substrate; and    -   d) allowing the partially cured pressure sensitive adhesive to        fully cure onto the substrate.

In a preferred aspect of the methods of applying a pressure sensitiveadhesive to a substrate, as described above, the curing step isperformed by subjecting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive to a triggering energy sufficient to allow the acid generatingagent to release acid into the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive, and wherein the triggering energy is preferably selected fromthe group of thermal energy or actinic radiation, more preferably UVradiation.

In an alternative execution of the methods of applying a pressuresensitive adhesive to a substrate, as described above, the curing stepis performed by contacting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive with a source of acid.

Suitable source of acids for use herein may be easily identified bythose skilled in the art, in the light of the present disclosure.Suitable examples of sources of acid are for example selected from thegroup consisting of acid-containing compositions, acid-containinglayers, acid-containing priming compositions, and any combinations ormixtures thereof.

In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, it is provided a methodof preparing a cured pressure sensitive adhesive, comprising the stepsof:

-   -   a) providing a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive comprising:        -   i. a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product            of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate            ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an            ethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from            the (meth)acrylate ester monomer;        -   ii. a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and        -   iii. optionally, an acid generating agent; and    -   b) curing the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive        by allowing acid to be released into it.

In a preferred aspect of the method of preparing a cured pressuresensitive adhesive, as described above, the curing step is performed bysubjecting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive to atriggering energy sufficient to allow the acid generating agent torelease acid into the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive, and wherein the triggering energy is preferably selected fromthe group of thermal energy or actinic radiation, more preferably UVradiation.

In an alternative execution of the method of preparing a cured pressuresensitive adhesive, as described above, the curing step is performed bycontacting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive with asource of acid.

Suitable source of acids for use herein may be easily identified bythose skilled in the art, in the light of the present disclosure.Suitable examples of sources of acid are for example selected from thegroup consisting of acid-containing compositions, acid-containinglayers, acid-containing priming compositions, and any combinations ormixtures thereof.

In the context of the present disclosure, the curable precursor of apressure sensitive adhesives, the (co)polymeric material comprising thereaction product of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a(meth)acrylic acid ester monomer, the (meth)acrylic acid ester monomers,the optional co-monomers having an ethylenically unsaturated group, thepolyfunctional aziridine curing agents, and the optional acid generatingagents for use in the methods as described above are identical to thosedescribed above with respect to the curable precursor of a pressuresensitive adhesive according to another aspect of the presentdisclosure.

In still another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of acombination of a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent and an acidgenerating agent for preparing a cured pressure sensitive adhesivecomprising:

-   -   a) a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a        (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate ester        monomer; and    -   b) optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated        group and which is different from the (meth)acrylate ester        monomer.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of acurable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive or a cured pressuresensitive adhesive as above described, for the bonding to an uneven orirregular substrate.

In another particular aspect, the present invention relates to the useof a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive or a curedpressure sensitive adhesive as above described, for the bonding to a lowsurface energy substrate.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of acurable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive or a cured pressuresensitive adhesive as above described, for industrial applications, inparticular for construction applications and automotive applications.According to a particular aspect, the curable precursor of a pressuresensitive adhesive or the cured pressure sensitive adhesive as abovedescribed is used for automotive applications, in particular for tapedseal on body applications for the automotive industry.

The curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive or a curedpressure sensitive adhesive of the present disclosure may be used in anyarticle conventionally known to use such assemblies such as labels,tapes, signs, covers, marking indices, display components, touch panels,and the like. Flexible backing materials having microreplicated surfacesare also contemplated.

The pressure sensitive adhesive assembly according to the presentdisclosure may be particularly useful for forming strong adhesive bondsto low surface energy (LSE) substrates. Included among such materialsare polypropylene, polyethylene (e.g., high density polyethylene orHDPE), blends of polypropylene (e.g. PP/EPDM, TPO). Other substrates mayalso have properties of low surface energy due to a residue, such as anoil residue or a film, such as paint, being on the surface of thesubstrate.

The substrate to which the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive or a cured pressure sensitive adhesive may be applied isselected depending on the particular application. For example, thecurable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive or a cured pressuresensitive adhesive may be applied to sheeting products (e.g., decorativegraphics and reflective products), label stock, and tape backings.Additionally, the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive ora cured pressure sensitive adhesive may be applied directly onto othersubstrates such as a metal panel (e.g., automotive panel) or a glasswindow so that yet another substrate or object can be attached to thepanel or window. Accordingly, the curable precursor of a pressuresensitive adhesive or a cured pressure sensitive adhesive of the presentdisclosure may find a particular use in the automotive manufacturingindustry (e.g. for attachment of exterior trim parts or forweatherstrips), in the construction industry or in the solar panelconstruction industry.

Item 1 is a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesivecomprising:

-   -   a) a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a        (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate ester        monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenically        unsaturated group and which is different from the (meth)acrylate        ester monomer;    -   b) a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and    -   c) an acid generating agent.

Item 2 is the curable precursor according to item 1, wherein thepolyfunctional aziridine curing agent comprises at least two aziridinefunctional groups, in particular two or three aziridine functionalgroups.

Item 3 is a curable precursor according to item 1, wherein thepolyfunctional aziridine curing agent comprises at least one aziridinefunctional group and at least one (meth)acryloyl functional group.

Item 4 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent has the followingformula:

wherein

-   -   R¹ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group,    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   x is 0, 1 or 2, and    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3.

Item 5 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent has the followingformula:

wherein

-   -   R³ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group; and    -   x is 0, 1 or 2.

Item 6 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent has the followingformula:

wherein

-   -   R⁴ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group having a valency of y;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3;    -   x is 0, 1 or 2; and    -   each of a and b are independently 0 to 6, 0 to 4, or even 0 to        2.

Item 7 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent has the followingformula:

wherein

-   -   R⁴ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group having a valency of y;    -   R⁵ and R⁶ are independently (hetero)hydrocarbyl groups;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3;    -   x is 0, 1 or 2; and    -   each of a and b are independently 0 to 6, 0 to 4, or even 0 to        2.

Item 8 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent has the followingformula:

wherein

-   -   R⁴ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group having a valency of y;    -   R⁷ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group, in particular C₂-C₁₂ alkyl        group, C₂-C₈ alkyl group, C₂-C₆ alkyl group, or even        CH₂—CHR′—O-group, with R′ being H or CH₃;    -   R² is an H or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group, C₁-C₈ alkyl group, C₁-C₆ alkyl        group, C₁-C₄ alkyl group, C₁-C₂ alkyl group, C₆-C₁₂ aromatic        group, C₆-C₁₀ aromatic group, or even C₆-C₇ aromatic group;    -   preferably R² is H, CH₂, C₂H₅ or even phenyl group;    -   y is at least 1, preferably 1 to 4, or even 2 to 3;    -   x is 0, 1 or 2; and    -   a is 0 to 100, 1 to 50, 1 to 20 or even 1 to 10.

Item 9 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent has any the followingformula:

Item 10 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the acid generating agent is selected from the group consistingof thermal acid generating agents, photo acid generating agents, and anycombinations or mixtures thereof.

Item 11 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the acid generating agent is a thermal acid generating agentselected from the group consisting of quarternary blocked superacids,amine blocked superacids, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.

Item 12 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the acid generating agent is a thermal acid generating agentselected from the group consisting of quarternary blocked SbF₆,quarternary blocked triflic acid, quarternary blocked fluorosulfonicacids, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.

Item 13 is a curable precursor according to any of items 1 to 11,wherein the acid generating agent is a photo acid generating agentselected from the group consisting of ionic salts of organometalliccomplexes and onium salts, in particular iodonium or sulfonium salts,and any combinations or mixtures thereof.

Item 14 is a curable precursor according to item 13, wherein the acidgenerating agent is a photo acid generating agent selected from thegroup consisting of iodonium or sulfonium or phenyliodonium salts of theanions SbF₆—, PF₆—, CF₃SO₃—, C₄F₉SO₃— and C₈F₁₇SO₃—, and anycombinations or mixtures thereof.

Item 15 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the (co)polymeric material comprises a polymer base materialselected from the group consisting of polyacrylates whose main monomercomponent comprises a linear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester,preferably a non-polar linear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate esterhaving a linear or branched alkyl group comprising preferably from 1 to32, from 1 to 20, or even from 1 to 15 carbon atoms.

Item 16 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the (co)polymeric material comprises a polymer base materialselected from the group consisting of polyacrylates whose main monomercomponent comprises a linear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate esterselected from the group consisting of methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, n-propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate,n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-pentyl(meth)acrylate, iso-pentyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate,iso-hexyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, phenyl(meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate, iso-octyl (meth)acrylate,2-octyl(meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, decyl(meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, 2-propylheptyl (meth)acrylate,stearyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate,octadecyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, isophoryl(meth)acrylate, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.

Item 17 is a curable precursor according to item 16, wherein the linearor branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester is selected from the groupconsisting of iso-octyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate,2-propylheptyl (meth)acrylate, 2-octyl (meth)acrylate, butyl acrylate,and any combinations or mixtures thereof; more preferably from the groupconsisting of iso-octyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-octylacrylate, and 2-propylheptyl acrylate.

Item 18 is a curable precursor according to item 16 or 17, wherein thelinear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester comprises 2-ethylhexylacrylate.

Item 19 is a curable precursor according to item 16 or 17, wherein thelinear or branched alkyl (meth)acrylate ester comprises2-octyl(meth)acrylate.

Item 20 is a curable precursor according to item 19, wherein at least 25wt %, at least 50 wt %, at least 75 wt %, or even 100 wt % of thechemical structure of the 2-octyl(meth)acrylate is at least partly,preferably completely (i.e. 100 wt %) derived from biological material,more preferably from a plant material.

Item 21 is curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the optional co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturatedgroup is selected from the group of non-acid functional polar monomers.

Item 22 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the optional co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturatedgroup is selected from the group of non-acid functional polar monomershaving a single ethylenically unsaturated group and anitrogen-containing group or a salt thereof.

Item 23 is a curable precursor according to item 22, wherein thenitrogen-containing group is selected from secondary amido groups andtertiary amido groups, in particular those selected from the groupconsisting of N-vinyl lactams.

Item 24 is a curable precursor according to item 22 or 23, wherein theoptional co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group isselected from the group consisting of N-vinyl caprolactam; N-vinylpiperidone, N-vinyl pyrrolidone; acryloyl morpholine, acrylamides andsubstituted acrylamides; in particular t-butyl acrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl acrylamide, N-octyl acrylamide, N,N-dialkyl acrylamides, N-methylacrylamide, N-ethyl acrylamide, N-isopropyl acrylamide, tert-octylacrylamide, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, N,N-diethyl acrylamide,N,N-dipropyl acrylamide, N,N-dibutyl acrylamide; and any combinations ormixtures thereof.

Item 25 is a curable precursor according to item 24, wherein theoptional co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group isselected to be N-vinyl caprolactam.

Item 26 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the (co)polymerizable material comprises:

-   -   a) from 60 to 100 parts by weight, from 65 to 95 parts by        weight, or even from 65 to 80 parts by weight, of a        (meth)acrylate ester monomer; and    -   b) optionally, from 0 to 40 parts by weight, from 5 to 35 parts        by weight, or even from 20 to 35 parts by weight, of a        co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group.

Item 27 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the (co)polymerizable material comprises a second co-monomerhaving an ethylenically unsaturated group, which is preferably selectedfrom the group consisting of high Tg monomers.

Item 28 is a curable precursor according to item 27, wherein the high Tgmonomer is selected from the group consisting of t-butyl acrylate,methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butylmethacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, s-butyl methacrylate, t-butylmethacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, cyclohexylmethacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, benzylmethacrylate, 3,3,5 trimethylcyclohexyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate,N-octyl acrylamide, propyl methacrylate, and any combinations ormixtures thereof.

Item 29 is a curable precursor according to item 27 or 28, wherein the(co)polymerizable material comprises:

-   -   a) from 50 to 100 parts by weight, from 60 to 90 parts by        weight, or even from 65 to 80 parts by weight, of a        (meth)acrylate ester monomer; and    -   b) optionally, from 0 to 20 parts by weight, from 5 to 15 parts        by weight, or even from 5 to 10 parts by weight, of a co-monomer        having an ethylenically unsaturated group; and    -   c) optionally, from 0 to 30 parts by weight, from 5 to 25 parts        by weight, or even from 15 to 25 parts by weight, of a second        co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group.

Item 30 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,wherein the (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a(co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate ester monomer, isfree of acid functional monomers.

Item 31 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,which further comprises a filler material which is preferably selectedfrom the group consisting of filler particles, in particular expandedperlite, microspheres, expendable microspheres, glassbeads, glassmicrospheres, silica type fillers, hydrophobic silica type fillers,hydrophilic silica type fillers, hydrophobic fumed silica, hydrophilicfumed silica, fibers, electrically and/or thermally conductingparticles, nanoparticles, in particular silica nanoparticles, and anycombinations or mixtures thereof.

Item 32 is a curable precursor according to item 31, wherein theparticulate filler material comprises hollow glass microspheres.

Item 33 is a curable precursor according to any of the preceding items,comprising:

-   -   a) 100 parts by weight of a (co)polymeric material comprising        the reaction product of a (co)polymerizable material comprising        a (meth)acrylate ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer        having an ethylenically unsaturated group;    -   b) from 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, from 0.5 to 25 parts by        weight, from 1 to 20 parts by weight, from 1 to 15 parts by        weight, or even from 5 to 15 parts by weight, of a        polyfunctional aziridine curing agent;    -   c) from 0.01 to 10 parts by weight, from 0.1 to 8 parts by        weight, from 0.2 to 6 parts by weight,or even from 0.2 to 5        parts by weight, of an acid generating agent; and    -   d) optionally, from 1 to 20 parts by weight, from 3 to 15 parts        by weight, or even from 5 to 13 parts by weight, of a filler        material, preferably hollow glass microspheres.

Item 34 is a cured pressure sensitive adhesive obtainable by curing thecurable precursor according to any of the preceding items, wherein thecuring step is preferably performed by allowing acid to be released intothe curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive.

Item 35 is a cured pressure sensitive adhesive according to item 34,wherein the curing step is performed by subjecting the curable precursorof a pressure sensitive adhesive to a triggering energy sufficient toallow the acid generating agent to release acid into the curableprecursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive, and wherein the triggeringenergy is preferably selected from the group of thermal energy oractinic radiation, more preferably UV radiation.

Item 36 is a composite assembly comprising a substrate and a curableprecursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive according to any of items 1to 33 applied onto at least part of the surface of the substrate,thereby forming a layer of a curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive.

Item 37 is a composite assembly according to item 36, wherein the layerof a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive is cured,preferably by allowing acid to be released into the curable precursor ofa pressure sensitive adhesive.

Item 38 is a composite assembly according to item 37, wherein the curingstep is performed by subjecting the curable precursor of a pressuresensitive adhesive to a triggering energy sufficient to allow the acidgenerating agent to release acid into the curable precursor of apressure sensitive adhesive, and wherein the triggering energy ispreferably selected from the group of thermal energy or actinicradiation, more preferably UV radiation.

Item 39 is a composite assembly according to any of items 36 to 38,wherein the layer of a curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive takes the form of a polymeric foam layer.

Item 40 is a composite assembly according to any of items 36 to 39,which is an adhesive article, and wherein the substrate is preferably aflexible backing layer.

Item 41 is a (post)curing system for pressure sensitive adhesives,comprising a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent and an acidgenerating agent. Item 42 is a method of applying a pressure sensitiveadhesive to a substrate, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive comprising:        -   i. a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product            of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate            ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an            ethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from            the (meth)acrylate ester monomer;        -   ii. a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and        -   iii. optionally, an acid generating agent;    -   b) applying the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive to at least part of the surface of the substrate; and    -   c) curing the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive        by allowing acid to be released into it.

Item 43 is a method of applying a pressure sensitive adhesive to asubstrate, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive comprising:        -   i. a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product            of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate            ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an            ethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from            the (meth)acrylate ester monomer;        -   ii. a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and        -   iii. optionally, an acid generating agent;    -   b) partially curing the curable precursor of a pressure        sensitive adhesive by allowing acid to be released into it;    -   c) applying the partially cured pressure sensitive adhesive to        at least part of the surface of the substrate; and    -   d) allowing the partially cured pressure sensitive adhesive to        fully cure onto the substrate.

Item 44 is a method according to item 42 or 43, whereby the curing stepis performed by subjecting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive to a triggering energy sufficient to allow the acid generatingagent to release acid into the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive, and wherein the triggering energy is preferably selected fromthe group of thermal energy or actinic radiation, more preferably UVradiation.

Item 45 is a method according to item 42 or 43, whereby the curing stepis performed by contacting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive with a source of acid, which is preferably selected from thegroup consisting of acid-containing compositions, acid-containinglayers, acid-containing priming compositions, and any combinations ormixtures thereof.

Item 46 is a method of preparing a cured pressure sensitive adhesive,comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) providing a curable precursor of a pressure sensitive        adhesive comprising:        -   iv. a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product            of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate            ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an            ethylenically unsaturated group and which is different from            the (meth)acrylate ester monomer;        -   v. a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent; and        -   vi. optionally, an acid generating agent; and    -   b) curing the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive        by allowing acid to be released into it.

Item 47 is a method according to item 46, whereby the curing step isperformed by subjecting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive to a triggering energy sufficient to allow the acid generatingagent to release acid into the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive, and wherein the triggering energy is preferably selected fromthe group of thermal energy or actinic radiation, more preferably UVradiation.

Item 48 is a method according to item 46, whereby the curing step isperformed by contacting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive with a source of acid, which is preferably selected from thegroup consisting of acid-containing compositions, acid-containinglayers, acid-containing priming compositions, and any combinations ormixtures thereof.

Item 49 is the use of a curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive according to any of items 1 to 30 or the cured pressuresensitive adhesive according to item 31 or 32, for the bonding to anuneven or irregular substrate.

Item 50 is the use of a curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive according to any of items 1 to 30 or the cured pressuresensitive adhesive according to item 31 or 32, for the bonding to a lowsurface energy substrate.

Item 51 is the use of a combination of a polyfunctional aziridine curingagent and an acid generating agent for preparing a cured pressuresensitive adhesive comprising:

-   -   a) a (co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a        (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate ester        monomer; and    -   b) optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated        group and which is different from the (meth)acrylate ester        monomer.

Item 52 is the use of a curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive according to any of items 1 to 30 or the cured pressuresensitive adhesive according to item 31 or 32, for industrialapplications, in particular for construction applications and automotiveapplications, in particular for taped seal on body applications for theautomotive industry.

EXAMPLES

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples. Theseexamples are merely for illustrative purposes only and are not meant tobe limiting on the scope of the appended claims.

Test Methods Applied:

90°-Peel-Test at 300 mm/min (According to Test Method, Finat No. 2):

Pressure sensitive adhesive assembly strips according to the presentinvention and having a width of 10 mm and a length >175 mm are cut outin the machine direction from the sample material. For test samplepreparation, the liner is first removed from the one adhesive side andplaced on an aluminum strip having the following dimension 22×1.6 cm.Then, the adhesive coated side of each PSA assembly strip is placed,after the liner is removed, with its adhesive side down on a clean testpanel using light finger pressure. Next, the test samples are rolledtwice in each direction with a standard FINAT test roller (weight 6.8kg) at a speed of approximately 10 mm per second to obtain intimatecontact between the adhesive mass and the surface. After applying thepressure sensitive adhesive assembly strips to the test panel, the testsamples are allowed to dwell 24 hours at ambient room temperature (23°C.±2° C., 50% relative humidity ±5%) prior to testing. Half of thesamples are then submitted to peel testing (uncured version) whilst theother half of the samples are placed in an oven for 20 minutes at 110°C. (cured samples). After sample removal from the oven, the samples areallowed to cool down for a period of 24 hours at ambient roomtemperature (23° C.±2° C., 50% relative humidity ±5%).

For peel testing, the test samples are in a first step clamped in thelower movable jaw of a Zwick tensile tester (Model Z020 commerciallyavailable from Zwick/Roell GmbH, Ulm, Germany). The pressure sensitiveadhesive film strips are folded back at an angle of 90° and their freeends grasped in the upper jaw of the tensile tester in a configurationcommonly utilized for 90° peel measurements. The tensile tester is setat 300 mm per minute jaw separation rate. Test results are expressed inNewton per 10 mm (N/10 mm) The quoted peel values are the average of two90°-peel measurements.

Tensile Testing Using T-Block Geometry at 100 m/min

The test is carried out at ambient room temperature (23° C.±2° C.) and50%±5% relative humidity. First, the aluminum T-Block surface isroughened with a ScotchBrite 4774 cleaning sponge and afterwards cleanedwith pure isopropyl alcohol. The cleaned aluminum T-Block test surfaceis then further pre-treated with a commercially available 3M Primer P94to avoid pop-off aluminum failures during testing. The liner is firstremoved from one side of the test specimen. A first aluminum T-Block isthen brought onto the exposed adhesive surface of the test specimen andthe overstanding adhesive is cut at the edges of the aluminum T-Block.The liner on the other side of the test specimen is thereafter removedand a second, in the same way cleaned and primed aluminum T-Block isbrought then onto the open adhesive surface and overstanding edges cutoff. A force of 300 N±5 N for 15 seconds is then applied onto theprepared test sample. After a dwell time of at least 24 hours at ambientroom temperature (23° C.±2° C. and 55%±5% relative humidity) the testsample is tested in a Zwick tensile tester by performing a tensile testat 100mm/min The complete stress-strain curves as well as the adhesionenergy and maximal forces are then collected.

Tensile Testing in OLS (Overlap Shear) Geometry at 100 m/min (inAccordance with ASTM D897)

Overlap shear strength is determined according to ASTM D897 using atensile tester of the type ZWICK/ROELL Z020 (available from Zwick GmbH &Co. KG, Ulm, Germany) at a crosshead speed of 100 mm/min.

For the test assembly preparation, two aluminium test panels (as laterdescribed under point c.), are joined in a overlap connection of 10 mmwidth and 25mm length using pressure sensitive adhesive assemblies ofthe current invention and by pressing these overlap shear testassemblies for 15 seconds with 300 N (±5 N). The test assemblies arethen conditioned prior to testing for 24 hours at 23° C.±2° C. and50%±5% relative humidity.

Test Panels/Substrates used for Testing:

a.) Stainless steel test panels according to EN1939:20, surface 1.4301mirror-like (commercially available from Rocholl GmbH) having adimension of 150 mm×50 mm×2 mm are the selected panels for all 90° peeltests.

Prior to testing the stainless steel panels are cleaned according to thefollowing described procedure. First, the stainless steel panels arewiped once with heptane, then with MEK followed by a last wipe withheptane and thereafter dried with a paper tissue.

b.) Aluminum T-Blocks: AlMg₃ (Int. 5754) T-Profile, dimension of 25mm×25 mm and a height of 25 mm with 10 mm wide drilled hole; materialthickness 3 mm.

The aluminium T-Blocks are cleaned as follows. First, the aluminumT-Block surface is roughened with a ScotchBrite 4774 sponge(commercially available by 3M Deutschland GmbH, Germany) and thencleaned with pure isopropyl alcohol. The cleaned aluminum T-Block testsurface is further pretreated with a commercially available 3M PrimerP94.

c.) Aluminum test panels in accordance with ASTM B211 having a dimensionof 50 mm×25 mm×1 mm. Prior to the preparation of an OLS test assembly,the aluminium panels are roughened using ScotchBrite 4774 (commerciallyavailable by 3M) and afterwards wiped once with isopropyl alcohol.Drying is done using a paper tissue. The cleaned aluminum test panelsurface is then further pretreated with a commercially available 3MPrimer P94.

Raw Materials:

In the examples, the following raw materials are used:

2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate (C8-acrylate, 2-EHA): is an ester of2-ethylalcohol and acrylic acid which is obtained from BASF AG, Germany.Tg value: −58° C.

N-Vinyl caprolactam (NVC): monofunctional acrylic monomer with anamide-group in the side-chain, commercially available from BASF GmbH,Ludwigshafen, Germany.

Irgacure 651: 2.2-Dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one is an initiator forradical polymerization, commercially available from BASF GmbH,Ludwigshafen, Germany.

K-Pure CXC-1612: Quarternary amine blocked SbF6, thermal acid generator,commercially available by King Industries Inc., Norwalk, U.S.A.

K-Pure CXC-1614: Quarternary amine blocked triflic acid, thermal acidgenerator, commercially available by King Industries Inc., Norwalk,U.S.A.

K-Pure CXC-1802: Quarternary amine blocked superacid similar to CXC-1612but without antimony, thermal acid generator, commercially available byKing Industries Inc., Norwalk, U.S.A.

Irgacure PAG 290: tetralis (2,3,4,5,6,-pentafluorophenyl) boranide;tris(4-(4-acetylphenyl)sulfonylphenyl) sulfonium, photo acid generator,commercially available from BASF GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany.

Aziridine curing agent A: CX-100 Trimethylolpropanetris(2-methyl-1-aziridinepropionate), trifunctional aziridine curingagent, commercially available from DSM Neo Resins BV, Waalwijk,Netherlands.

Aziridine curing agent C: Ethoxylated (4 EO) Bisphenol ABis[3-(2-Methyaziridino)-propanoate]

synthesized as later described.

Aziridine curing agent B: Ethoxylated (14 EO) TrimethylolpropaneTris[3-(2-Methyaziridino)-propanoate]

wherein x+y+z=14, and synthesized as later described.

Aziridine curing agent D:(2-(2-Methyl-acryloxy)-ethyl-carbamato)-PentaerythritolTris[3-(2-Methyaziridino)-propanoate]

synthesized as later described.

Omnirad BDK: 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone is a UV-initiator,commercially available from iGm resins, Waalwijk Netherlands.

3M Glass bubbles (K15) are hollow glass bubbles with a diameter of 115μm, available from 3M, Germany.

3M Glass bubbles (K37) are hollow glass bubbles with a diameter of 85μm, available from 3M, Germany.

Aerosil R-972 are hydrophobic fumed silica particles, available fromEvonik, Germany.

Calcium Oxide: stabilizer, commercially available from Sigma Aldrich,Seelze, Germany.

Primer 94 (P94): adhesion promoter for pressure sensitive adhesives tosurfaces such as polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS, PET/PBT blends,concrete, wood, glass, metal and painted metal surfaces, commerciallyavailable from 3M Deutschland GmbH, Germany.

Preparation of Aziridine Curing Agent B:

In a round bottom flask, 1,1,1-Trishydroxymethylpropane-ethoxylate (˜14EO/3OH) triacrylate (200 g=658 meq. C═C, e.g. Sartomer SR9035) isplaced. 2.14 g equaling 3 ml triethyl amine are added and the mixture isstirred. To the clear solution, 2-methyl aziridine (137.5 g=2408.4 mmol)is then added dropwise at ambient room temperature (23° C.±2° C.) and50%±5% relative humidity while continuously stirring. The temperatureinitially remains at 23 to 24° C. but rises to about 41° C. after about30% of the addition of 2-methyl aziridine. In order to keep thetemperature of reaction mixture at 35 to 40° C., an ice bath is used.Entire dosing time is about 2 hours. After that, the reaction mixture isstirred 96 hours at ambient room temperature to ensure that there are nomore traces of acrylate double bonds visible in the ¹H NMR spectrum ofthe reaction mixture. Excess 2-methyl aziridine together with triethylamine are removed by vacuum distillation at 40° C. and 0.1 mbar. A clearyellow oil in a yield of 97% (229 g) is obtained with a kinematicviscosity of 24.9 mPa*s at 23° C. and 50-100 l/s.

Preparation of Aziridine Curing Agent C:

In a round bottom flask, ethoxylated (4EO) bisphenol A diacrylate (500g=1927 meq. C═C, e.g. Sartomer SR601E) is placed. 6.25 g equaling 8.6 mltriethyl amine are then added and the mixture is stirred. To the clearsolution 2-methyl aziridine (137.5 g=2408.4 mmol) are added dropwise atambient room temperature (23° C.±2° C.) and 50% ±5% relative humiditywhile continuous stirring. The temperature initially remains at 23° C.to 24° C. but rises to about 41° C. after about 20% of addition of2-methyl aziridine. In order to keep the temperature of reaction mixtureat 35° C. to 40° C., an ice bath is used. The entire dosing time isapproximately 4 hours. After that, the reaction mixture is stirred 48hours at ambient room temperature. After that time, no more traces ofacrylate double bonds are visible in the ¹H NMR spectrum of the reactionmixture. Excess 2-methyl aziridine together with triethyl amine are thenremoved by vacuum distillation at 40° C. and 0.1 mbar. A clear colorlessoil in a yield of 99% (602 g) is obtained with a kinematic viscosity of1.5 Pa*s at 23° C. and 50-100 l/s.

Preparation of Aziridine Curing Agent D:

In a round bottom flask, 0.0800 g bismuth neodecanoate, 0.0068 g4-methoxy phenol, 0.0068 g BHT (2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresole) and 50.0 gequaling 117 mmole PZ-33 (PolyAziridine, LLC—PO Box 637—Medford, N.J.08055) (CAS-#57116-45-7) are charged. The mixture is stirred until thesolid components are dissolved. Subsequently, 13.7 g equaling 88 mmoleisocyanatoethyl methacrylate are added dropwise. The temperature of thereaction mixture is kept below 35° C. using an ice bath. The addition ofthe isocyanatoethyl methacrylate is completed within 15 minutes. Twohours after the addition is completed, no more residual NCO-bands at2130 cm⁻¹ can be detected. A clear, viscous, yellow resin is obtained.Yield is 59 g (87%).

Preparation of the Curable Precursors and Comparative Examples (C1/C2):

The curable precursors of C1, C2 and CP1-CP24 of the pressure sensitiveadhesives, are prepared by combining the C8 acrylate (2-EHA) and 0.04pph of Omnirad BDK as a photoinitiator in a glass vessel. Before the UVexposure is initiated, the mixture is flushed 10 minutes with nitrogenand nitrogen is also bubbled into the mixture the whole time until thepolymerization process is stopped by adding air to the syrup. All thetime, the mixture is stirred with a propeller stirrer (300 U/min) andthe reaction is stopped when a viscosity around 4500 mPas is reached(when measured with a Brookfield viscosimeter, T=25° C., spindle 4, 12rpm). Additionally, the remaining amount of 0.16 pph Omnirad BDK, theselected aziridine curing agent, the selected glass bubbles or mixturesthereof and part of the NVC (10 g of NVC are put aside) are added to thesyrup and mixed until they have dissolved/dispersed. Finally, theinitiator—dissolved in the residual 10 g NVC—is added under continuousstirring. The exact formulations of the curable precursors are laterlisted (in pph) in Tables 2 to 4 below.

For coating the curable precursors, the line speed of the coater is setto 0.82 m/min. The resulting adhesive layer thickness is about 800 μm.Curing is accomplished in a UV-curing station with a length of 300 cm atthe line speed given above. The total radiation intensity irradiatedcumulatively from top and bottom and the respective length of the threecoating zones within the UV-curing station are as follows:

TABLE 1 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Total intensity 2.07 4.27 4.98 [mW/cm²]Formulations of the Curable Precursors used for Making the PressureSensitive Adhesives

The formulations of the curable precursors used for making the pressuresensitive adhesives are listed in Tables 2, 3 and 4 below. Table 2contains comparative examples 1 and 2, later referred to as C1 and C2,which are curable precursors without acid generating agent and withoutpolyfunctional aziridine curing agent. Curable precursors listed inTable 2 have different thermal acid generators and/or varying amounts ofa co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group.

TABLE 2 Curable BDK CXC- CXC- CXC- CX GB precursor 2-EHA NVC BDK I II1612 1614 1802 100 K15 (CP) w % w % pph pph pph pph pph pph pph C1 75 250.04 0.16 — — — 9 C2 75 25 0.04 0.16 — — 5 9 CP1 70 30 0.04 0.16 0.6 — 59 CP2 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — 5 9 CP3 70 30 0.04 0.16 — 0.6 5 9 CP4 75 250.04 0.16 — 0.6 5 9 CP5 70 30 0.04 0.16 — — 0.6 5 9 CP6 75 25 0.04 0.16— — 0.6 5 9 CP7 70 30 0.04 0.16 — 0.6 10 9 CP8 70 30 0.04 0.16 — 0.6 5 9CP9 70 30 0.04 0.16 — 0.6 1 9

Curable precursors listed in Table 3 use different kinds ofpolyfunctional aziridine curing agents.

TABLE 3 Initiator Filler Monomer BDK CXC- Aziridine GB Curable 2-EHA NVCBDK I II 1614 A B C D K15 precursor w % w % pph pph pph pph pph pph pphpph CP10 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — 10  — — 9 CP11 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — 5 —— 9 CP12 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — 1 — — 9 CP13 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — — 10 — 9 CP14 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — — 5 — 9 CP15 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — — 1 —9 CP16 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 4 — — 1 9 CP17 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — 4 — 1 9CP18 75 25 0.04 0.16 0.6 — — 4 1 9

Table 4 below provides the formulations of curable precursors havingdifferent kinds of aziridines, a photo acid generating agent (“PhotoAcid Generating agent”) and which are coated by either a solvent-basedor a Hot Melt process.

TABLE 4 Monomer Initiator PAG Fillers 2- BDK Aziridine Irgacure GBAerosil Curable EHA NVC BDK I II 1 2 290 K37 R 972 CaO precursor w % w %pph pph pph pph pph pph pph pph CP19 70 30 0.04 0.16 20 — 4 — — — CP2070 30 0.04 0.16 20 — 4 — — 0.06 CP21 70 30 0.04 0.16 20 — 4 — — 0.60CP22 70 30 0.04 0.16 — 10 — 10 3 0.06 CP23 70 30 0.04 0.16 — 10 2 10 30.06 CP24 70 30 0.04 0.16 — 10 4 10 3 0.06

Test Results: 90° Peel Results on Stainless Steel Panels

The peel results of comparative examples C1 and C2, as well as of thepressure sensitive adhesives made from curable precursors CP1- CP9 areshown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Peel value Curable Peel value Peel value (N/cm), (curedprecursor (N/cm), (N/cm), (cured on substrate for used (uncured) 20 minat 110° C.) 20 min at 110° C.) C1 13.9 10.6 11.4 C2 8.9 10.3 7.7 CP112.7 10.7 20.4 CP2 14.4 10.0 35.7 CP3 13.0 12.1 22.1 CP4 14.4 12.9 30.2CP5 13.7 11.1 32.1 CP6 11.9 10.8 26.4 CP7 9.7 9.2 17.8 CP8 13.0 12.122.1 CP9 16.2 12.9 18.7

Comparative examples C1 and C2 show no increase in peel behavior aftercuring, whereas the pressure sensitive adhesives made from curableprecursors according to the invention (C1-C9) show surprisingly strongincreases in their peel performance after being cured on a substrate.This is applicable to all thermal acid generating agents used.

OLS and T-Block Tensile Results

The results of the OLS tensile testing for the pressure sensitiveadhesives made from curable precursors CP1-CP9, as well as comparativeexamples C1 and C2 are provided in Table 6. In this table, the resultingforces at 2 mm and 4 mm elongation for uncured and cured pressuresensitive adhesives are listed.

TABLE 6 Curable F (2 mm)/N F (4 mm)/N precursor F (2 mm)/N (cured 20 minF (4 mm)/N (cured 20 min used (uncured) at 110° C.) (uncured) at 110°C.) C1 74.2 64.9 111.1 96.2 C2 53.6 55.5 100.2 96.4 CP1 203.2 263.0356.8 512.3 CP2 86.7 162.6 148.4 362.4 CP3 109.7 149.7 186.2 308.7 CP478.4 107.2 126.1 212.3 CP5 123.1 192.8 217.3 396.5 CP6 71.3 116.2 138.8261.2 CP7 81.7 163.4 132.1 340.7 CP8 109.7 149.7 186.2 308.7 CP9 179.0181.7 304.1 355.1

Tensile testing in OLS geometry shows for C1 and C2 no curing effectafter being treated with 110° C. for 20 minutes. For the pressuresensitive adhesives made from curable precursors according to theinvention (CP1-CP9), the post-curing effect of the pressure-sensitiveadhesives can be clearly seen, irrespective of which thermal acidgenerating agent is selected.

The results of the T-block tensile testing for the pressure sensitiveadhesives made from curable precursors CP1-CP9, as well as comparativeexamples C1 and C2 are provided in Table 7. In this table, the resultingforces at 2 mm and 4 mm elongation of cured and uncured pressuresensitive adhesives are listed.

TABLE 7 Curable F (2 mm)/N F (4 mm)/N precursor F (2 mm)/N (cured 20 minF (4 mm)/N (cured 20 min used (uncured) at 110° C.) (uncured) at 110°C.) C1 218.6 224.1 222.22 231.9 C2 170.1 201.7 178.1 237.3 CP1 487.8835.7 150.6 — CP2 262.4 — 270.1 — CP3 292.8 613.6 308.7 356.6 CP4 221.6437.0 228.6 275.1 CP5 421.9 560.8 347.6 588.2 CP6 283.1 442.7 371.9 —CP7 241.1 678.8 269.4 — CP8 292.8 630.4 308.7 252.2 CP9 423.9 632.3398.9 683.3

Similar to the results in Table 6, the results of the mechanical tensiletesting in T-block geometry also clearly show the post-curing effects ofthe pressure sensitive adhesives when compared to comparative examplesC1 and C2.

The results of the OLS tensile testing for the pressure sensitiveadhesives made from curable precursors CP10-CP18 are provided in Table8. In this table, the resulting forces at 2 mm and 4 mm elongation foruncured and cured pressure sensitive adhesives are listed. Thesepressure sensitive adhesives have in common that they all have the samethermal acid generating agent but use different polyfunctional aziridinecuring agents in varying amounts.

TABLE 8 Curable F (2 mm)/N F (4 mm)/N precursor F (2 mm)/N (cured 20 minF (4 mm)/N (cured 20 min used (uncured) at 110° C.) (uncured) at 110°C.) CP10 93.7 111.0 156.1 203.6 CP11 89.1 108.6 141.1 189.3 CP12 101.1120.0 160.6 211.7 CP13 92.9 150.6 153.0 308.8 CP14 92.5 127.1 156.3257.3 CP15 95.2 128.0 155.1 247.6 CP16 127.5 194.1 248.8 118.7 CP17143.0 208.8 305.1 212.5 CP18 123.3 227.3 267.9 —

The results of the T-block tensile testing for the pressure sensitiveadhesives made from curable precursors CP10-CP18 are provided in Table9. In the table, the resulting forces at 2 mm and 4 mm elongation ofcured and uncured pressure sensitive adhesives are listed.

TABLE 9 Curable F (2 mm)/N F (4 mm)/N precursor F (2 mm)/N (cured 20 minF (4 mm)/N (cured 20 min used (uncured) at 110° C.) (uncured) at 110°C.) C10 254.4 422.9 319.1 543.94 C11 234.6 300.6 274.8 359.8 CP12 229.4403.2 246.8 441.2 CP13 292.9 566.8 319.6 662.1 CP14 256.9 549.4 273.8357.0 CP15 267.0 468.5 280.3 576.7 CP16 440.6 81.1 291.2 — CP17 392.1265.1 — — CP18 322.9 217.2 — —

The results of the mechanical tensile testing in OLS and T-Blockgeometry from Tables 8 and 9 clearly show, that by varying the number ofaziridine functionalities, the molecular weight of the selectedaziridine curing agent and by modifying the chosen amount of anaziridine curing agent, the properties of post-cured tapes can bemodified concerning such properties as elongation at break and forces atbreak.

The results of the OLS tensile testing for the pressure sensitiveadhesives made from curable precursors CP19-CP24 are provided in Table10. In this table, the resulting forces at 2 mm and 4 mm elongation foruncured and cured pressure sensitive adhesives are listed. The pressuresensitive adhesives made from curable precursors CP19, CP20 and CP21 aremade by making a polymer mixture of 2-EHA and NVC as previouslydescribed for all prior listed precursors C1-C18. This polymer mixtureis then solved in ethyl acetate, in order to prepare a coating solution.The aziridine and the photo acid generating agent are added to a 33%solution of the polymer mixture. A coating thickness of 350 μm is coatedonto a siliconized liner (commercially available as AkrosilBR90GGLSILSILOX G1H/G7 Scotchcal from Akrosil Europe) and dried at 80°C. for 10 minutes in an oven. The pressure sensitive adhesive layersobtained this way are then laminated on top of each other 8 times andthen pressed to a total thickness of 800 μm with an heatable hydraulictable press (type no. TP400, commercially available by Fortune, Holland)first at a pneumatic pressure of 10 kN for 1 minute at 80° C. followedby 30 minutes at 80° C. using a pneumatic pressure of 40 kN.

The pressure sensitive adhesives made from curable precursors CP22 toCP24 are obtained by making a polymer mixture of 2-EHA and NVC aspreviously described for all prior listed precursors C1-C18. Thispolymer mixture is then kneaded at 170° C. at a torque of 60 Nm in akneader type Plastograph 350EHT (commercially available from BrabenderGmbH & Co. KG, Germany) together with fillers, the aziridine and thephoto acid generating agent. After that the hot melt mixture is pressedto a thickness of 800 μm using a heatable hydraulic table press (typeno. TP400, commercially available by Fortune, Holland) first at apneumatic pressure of 10 kN at 150° C. followed by 5 minutes at 150° C.with a pneumatic pressure of 40 kN.

Curing of the pressure sensitive adhesives is done using a UV-A lamp,type UVA lamp 250 commercially available from Dr. Hönle in Planegg,Germany.

TABLE 10 Curable F (2 mm)/N F (4 mm)/N precursor F (2 mm)/N (cured 30 sF (4 mm)/N (cured 30 s used (uncured) UV-A) (uncured) UV-A) C19 20.732.6 50.3 130.1 C20 23.2 36.4 52.9 139.5 CP21 22.2 35.1 49.3 136.1 CP22120.1 230.1 118.7 210.3 CP23 128.7 232.7 150.5 306.0 CP24 152.8 274.8219.7 384.2

The post-curing effect increases with an increasing amount of the photoacid generating agent and polyfunctional aziridine in the curableprecursor and can be seen in the OLS tensile testing of CP22 to CP24.

1. A curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive comprising: a) a(co)polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a(co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylate ester monomer;and optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenically unsaturated group,the co-monomer being a non-acid functional polar monomer; b) apolyfunctional aziridine curing agent comprising at least two aziridinefunctional groups; and c) an acid generating agent selected from thegroup consisting of thermal acid generating agents, photo acidgenerating agents, and any combinations or mixtures thereof; and whereinthe photo acid generating agent is selected from the group consisting ofionic salts of organometallic complexes, iodonium or sulfonium salts andany combinations or mixtures thereof.
 2. A curable precursor accordingto claim 1, wherein the polyfunctional aziridine curing agent comprisestwo or three aziridine functional groups.
 3. A curable precursoraccording to claim 1, wherein the polyfunctional aziridine curing agenthas the following formula:

wherein R¹ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group; R² is an H, C₁-C₁₂ alkylgroup, or C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group; x is 0, 1 or 2; and y is at least
 1. 4.A curable precursor according to claim 1, wherein the polyfunctionalaziridine curing agent has the following formula:

wherein R⁴ is a (hetero)hydrocarbyl group having a valency of y; R⁵ andR⁶ are independently (hetero)hydrocarbyl groups; R² is an H, C₁-C₁₂alkyl group, or C₆-C₁₂ aromatic group; y is at least 1; x is 0, 1 or 2;and each of a and b are independently 0 to
 6. 5. (canceled)
 6. A curableprecursor according to claim 1, wherein the acid generating agent is athermal acid generating agent selected from the group consisting ofquarternary blocked superacids, amine blocked superacids, and anycombinations or mixtures thereof.
 7. (canceled)
 8. A curable precursoraccording to claim 1, wherein the non-acid functional polar monomer hasa nitrogen-containing group or a salt thereof.
 9. A curable precursoraccording to claim 8, wherein the nitrogen-containing group is selectedfrom secondary amido groups and tertiary amido groups.
 10. A curableprecursor according to claim 1, wherein the optional co-monomer havingan ethylenically unsaturated group is N-vinyl caprolactam.
 11. A curableprecursor according to claim 1, wherein the (co)polymeric materialcomprising the reaction product of a (co)polymerizable materialcomprising a (meth)acrylate ester monomer, is free of acid functionalmonomers.
 12. A curable precursor according to claim 1, comprising: a)100 parts by weight of a (co)polymeric material comprising the reactionproduct of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylateester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenicallyunsaturated group, the co-monomer being a non-acid functional polarmonomer; b) from 0.1 to 30 parts by weight of a polyfunctional aziridinecuring agent comprising at least two aziridine functional groups; c)from 0.01 to 10 parts by weight of an acid generating agent selectedfrom the group consisting of thermal acid generating agents, photo acidgenerating agents, and any combinations or mixtures thereof; and whereinthe photo acid generating agent is selected from the group consisting ofionic salts of organometallic complexes, iodonium or sulfonium salts andany combinations or mixtures thereof; and d) optionally, from 1 to 20parts by weight of a filler material, preferably hollow glassmicrospheres.
 13. A cured pressure sensitive adhesive obtainable bycuring the curable precursor according to claim 1, wherein the curingstep is performed by allowing acid to be released into the curableprecursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive.
 14. A cured pressuresensitive adhesive according to claim 13, wherein the curing step isperformed by subjecting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive to a triggering energy sufficient to allow the acid generatingagent to release acid into the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive, and wherein the triggering energy is thermal energy or actinicradiation.
 15. A method of applying a pressure sensitive adhesive to asubstrate, comprising the steps of: a) providing a curable precursor ofa pressure sensitive adhesive comprising: i. a (co)polymeric materialcomprising the reaction product of a (co)polymerizable materialcomprising a (meth)acrylate ester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomerhaving an ethylenically unsaturated group, the co-monomer being anon-acid functional polar monomer; ii. a polyfunctional aziridine curingagent comprising at least two aziridine functional groups; and iii.optionally, an acid generating agent selected from the group consistingof thermal acid generating agents, photo acid generating agents, and anycombinations or mixtures thereof; and wherein the photo acid generatingagent is selected from the group consisting of ionic salts oforganometallic complexes, iodonium or sulfonium salts and anycombinations or mixtures thereof; b) applying the curable precursor of apressure sensitive adhesive to at least part of the surface of thesubstrate; and c) curing the curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive by allowing acid to be released into it.
 16. A method ofapplying a pressure sensitive adhesive to a substrate, comprising thesteps of: a) providing a curable precursor of a pressure sensitiveadhesive comprising: i. a (co)polymeric material comprising the reactionproduct of a (co)polymerizable material comprising a (meth)acrylateester monomer; and optionally, a co-monomer having an ethylenicallyunsaturated group, the co-monomer being a non-acid functional polarmonomer and which is different from the (meth)acrylate ester monomer;ii. a polyfunctional aziridine curing agent comprising at least twoaziridine functional groups; and iii. optionally, an acid generatingagent selected from the group consisting of thermal acid generatingagents, photo acid generating agents, and any combinations or mixturesthereof; and wherein the photo acid generating agent is selected fromthe group consisting of ionic salts of organometallic complexes,iodonium or sulfonium salts and any combinations or mixtures thereof; b)partially curing the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesiveby allowing acid to be released into it; c) applying the partially curedpressure sensitive adhesive to at least part of the surface of thesubstrate; and d) allowing the partially cured pressure sensitiveadhesive to fully cure onto the substrate.
 17. A method according toclaim 16, whereby the curing step is performed by subjecting the curableprecursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive to a triggering energysufficient to allow the acid generating agent to release acid into thecurable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive, and wherein thetriggering energy is thermal energy or actinic radiation.
 18. A methodaccording to claim 16, whereby the curing step is performed bycontacting the curable precursor of a pressure sensitive adhesive with asource of acid.
 19. (canceled)
 20. (canceled)